Farmers' Knowledge and Use of Biological Plant Protection in Latvia

Biological pest control (BPP) is increasingly seen as a sustainable crop protection method in Latvia, particularly among organic, small-scale, and greenhouse farmers in the Vidzeme region. These farmers rely on experience-based practices such as crop rotation, companion planting, and natural sprays like slurry and plant infusions, which they find effective, low-cost, and easy to apply. Knowledge is shared informally, often through family and community networks. Despite their effectiveness, commercial BPP products remain underused due to lack of information, scientific evidence, and advisory support. Enhancing agricultural education and advisory services—while integrating local knowledge—could promote wider, more informed adoption of both traditional and commercial BPP methods across diverse farming systems.