Honeybee and Bumblebee Omics: Pesticide, Pathogen, and Environmental Stress Responses

Omics research on bees reveals impacts of pesticides, pathogens, and environmental stressors on proteomes, transcriptomes, and metabolomes. Studies examine neonicotinoid effects on bumblebee and honeybee physiology, including suppression of the mevalonate pathway and detoxification mechanisms. Proteomic and transcriptomic analyses detail responses to Varroa mites, glyphosate, formic acid, and other stressors. Key findings include molecular sensitivity to neonicotinoids, novel viral discoveries in wild bees, and biochemical markers of pesticide exposure. Research also covers CRISPR gene editing in bee parasites, NMR and HPLC profiling of pollen, and pharmacokinetics of sulfoxaflor in nectar.