Bumblebee Risk Assessment Model for EFSA Using ALMaSS

A simulation model for bumblebee (Bombus spp.) colony dynamics developed within the PoshBee project, using the ALMaSS framework to assess individual and colony-level responses to environmental stressors. Version one models laboratory-reared colonies with defined temperature, food, and energy dynamics, tracking seven life stages: egg, larva, pupa, worker, gyne, queen, and male. The model incorporates temperature-dependent development, probabilistic mortality, wax and colony growth, ovary development, and sleep behavior, calibrated using empirical data from Cedric Alaux and Holland et al. (2015). It supports future extensions to include pesticides, parasites, and field conditions, with code and documentation available on GitLab. Designed for risk assessment by EFSA, the model enables pan-European evaluation of stressor impacts on wild and managed bees.