Sulfoxaflor Effects on Bumblebees Under Varying Sugar Diets

Sulfoxaflor exposure significantly reduces bumblebee survival and fecundity, especially under low-sugar diet conditions. Field-realistic exposure levels show 7.2% and 30% probabilities of exceeding tested concentrations in worst- and best-case scenarios, respectively. Low-sugar diets increase syrup consumption but reduce sucrose intake and larval production. Probabilistic risk assessment and UPLC-APCI-MS analysis confirm exposure risks and solution accuracy. Results emphasize the need for in-bloom mitigation and use restrictions to protect bumblebee populations.