Practices to improve soil fertility and nutrient availability in organic fruit orchards

Sustainable organic fertilization in fruit orchards uses farm-based resources like leguminous cover crops—peas, clover, micro-clover—planted between tree rows to boost soil fertility and microbial activity. Winter or spring peas are sown at optimal times to maximize nitrogen mineralization, while mixtures of legumes and grasses (e.g., clover and sheep’s fescue) enhance nutrient retention and soil structure. Cut biomass can be used as mulch or incorporated into the soil for slow-release nitrogen. Clover grass silage offers a stable, storable nutrient source, ideal for autumn application when field access is limited. Timing of sowing and incorporation is critical for effective nitrogen release. These practices support long-term soil health and nutrient cycling in organic horticulture. Developed by the Biofruitnet project under Horizon Europe, the approach is supported by field trials and recommended for seasonal implementation. Collaboration with arable farms is advised for silage production. The tool is available in English and Polish via Organic Eprints and the Biofruitnet website.