Drinking water for grazing: management, standards and watering systems

Drinking water is essential for animal welfare and performance on pasture, with requirements ranging from 1.5 to 4 litres per kg of dry matter consumed, depending on the species. Regular access to high-quality water, meeting strict standards (pH 6.5–8.5, nitrates <30 mg/L, coliforms <5/100 ml), is crucial. Water supply options include surface water, boreholes, rainwater, storage or the mains supply. Gravity-fed, solar-powered, wind-powered or metered pump watering systems ensure a reliable flow, but require a gradient of >1 per cent, frost protection and a high initial investment. Locating the water point within 200 m of the rear of the plot prevents overcrowding of the herds.