Legume Breeding for Agroecological Transition in Europe

Legume breeding in Europe is essential for climate resilience, sustainability, and food security. Key focuses include improving drought and disease resistance, optimising intercropping systems, and advancing genomic selection for yield and adaptability. Research demonstrates the effectiveness of genome-enabled selection in traits such as pea grain yield under terminal drought and competitive ability in pea–cereal mixtures. Subterranean clover line mixtures show enhanced performance across Mediterranean conditions, while genetic diversity in Medicago truncatula symbiotic genes supports improved nodulation. Climate projections highlight the need for breeding under altered precipitation patterns. Disease resistance, including broomrape control, and compliance with EU organic regulations (e.g. 2021 rules on reproductive material) shape breeding priorities. Resources like EURISCO and GENESYS support access to diverse germplasm, underscoring the importance of well-characterised collections. Integrating genomics, participatory breeding, and climate adaptation strategies is vital. Challenges remain in aligning genetic progress with GMO and gene editing regulations, ensuring equitable access to innovations.