Establishment of legume-based permanent grasslands

Improved permanent pastures in Mediterranean climates enhance forage availability year-round through legume-based systems, reducing reliance on annual cultivation. Key practices include early autumn seeding (before September rains), minimal tillage, and species-specific seeding rates (10–30 kg/ha). Effective management involves rotational grazing with high animal density for weed suppression, rest periods from late February to ensure seed production, and delayed post-rain grazing. The Truvunittu farm in Sardinia demonstrates reduced milk production costs, lower fertilizer use, and improved milk quality through sustained pasture management. Benefits include extended growing seasons, better forage utilization, and resilience in dry conditions, supported by soil fertility and experienced stewardship. Challenges include multi-year transitions and limited seed availability.