e-Fuels in South West Europe: Potential and Challenges

South-West Europe leverages strong solar and wind potential to produce e-fuels, particularly e-jet fuel from water and CO₂, for decarbonizing aviation, maritime, and long-haul transport. High production costs and environmental trade-offs remain challenges, but process integration and biogenic CO₂ use offer pathways to reduce costs and impacts. EU policies, including the 2035 internal combustion engine phase-out with e-fuel exceptions, position the region to lead in scalable, sustainable e-fuel deployment if techno-economic and ecological hurdles are addressed.