Stakeholder perceptions of agroecological weed control in Mediterranean perennial crops

Stakeholder perceptions of agroecological weed control strategies in perennial crops across the Mediterranean region (Valencia, Spain) show mowing is the most widely used method (42%), followed by weed covers (26%) and tillage (21%). Inert mulches (18%) and cover crops (13–11%) are also commonly applied. Tillage and weed covers are the most frequently discontinued practices. Key strategies include crop rotation, cover cropping, organic and plastic mulching, mowing, and drip irrigation. Bioherbicides and intercrops are less known but viewed as beneficial alternatives to conventional herbicides.