Ecological Restoration and Community Engagement in Shouf Biosphere Reserve, Lebanon

Restoring forests and landscapes in Lebanon's Shouf Biosphere Reserve since 2005, community-led initiatives have achieved 75–99% tree survival rates through native species planting, dry stone walls, biomass management, and adaptive techniques. These efforts support ecological resilience, rural livelihoods, and climate adaptation, informing national reforestation policies and emphasizing long-term sustainability, monitoring, and stakeholder collaboration.