Multiple Nature-Based Solutions for Sustainable Agriculture in England

A research project (2017–2021) at Rothamsted Research, England, evaluating the effectiveness of combining four Nature-Based Solutions—crop rotation with legumes and perennial leys, green compost, cover crops, reduced tillage, and Integrated Pest Management—for sustainable agriculture. The study assesses their impacts on soil health, yield resilience, pest regulation, carbon sequestration, and farm profitability across three sites with varying soils and climates. Using structural equation modelling, it quantifies synergies and trade-offs in nutrient efficiency, synthetic fertilizer reduction, biodiversity, and economic sustainability. Findings support context-specific NBS implementation to reduce environmental impacts and enhance resilience, aligning with net-zero and sustainable food system goals.