Biological Pest Control in Commercial Apple Orchards

Biological pest control in apple orchards using integrated management strategies, focusing on aphid species including Cienfuegos aphid (Diaphys plantaginum), green aphid (Aphis pomii), and woolly aphid (Eriosoma lanigerum). The project implements predator releases, refuges for beneficial insects, and autumn treatments to prevent re-infestation, significantly reducing reliance on phytopharmaceuticals in net-protected orchards.