Potential of Elevated Agrivoltaics on Arable Land in Europe

Elevated agrivoltaics on arable land allow adjustable row spacing to meet crop light needs. Optimal Ground Coverage Ratio (GCR) varies by location, irradiance, and crop type. Shade-tolerant and shade-loving crops enable higher GCRs, especially in high-irradiance regions like southern Europe. In northern Europe, lower GCRs and wider row spacing are more suitable. Economic viability is higher for shade-loving crops such as leafy vegetables, with southern Europe offering greater financial returns due to higher solar yields and coverage. The study highlights agrivoltaics as a sustainable, crop-protective solution in southern Europe.