Fertilisation in agroforestry systems

Fertilisation enhances soil fertility and boosts productivity in agroforestry systems, benefiting both understory crops and woody perennials. Inorganic and organic fertilisers improve nutrient availability and soil structure, with organic options like manure and sewage sludge providing sustained nutrient release and enhancing water retention. Effects vary by soil type: in acidic soils, organic fertilisers reduce acidity and support both tree and pasture growth, while inorganic fertilisers may cause leaching and acidification. In neutral soils, mineral fertilisers often increase pasture yield at the expense of trees, but organic fertilisers support both. Organic fertilisers also promote biodiversity by favouring grasses in high-productivity pastures. The practice aligns with the EU Circular Economy strategy by reusing organic residues.