White clover as a living mulch in European cropping systems

White clover is a well-adapted perennial for use as a living mulch in European cropping systems. It features a fibrous root system, lasting 4–5 years, with moderate seed cost (3 kg/ha). Adapted to humid, acidic, and well-drained soils, it exhibits low vigour when established alone, risking incomplete ground cover. Varieties include dwarf, small-leaved, prostrate, intermediate (Hollandicum), and giant (Ladino) types, differing in stolon density and growth habit. It is sensitive to drought and low light, and may require management in winter cereals during mild falls. Chemically controllable, especially with sulfonylureas, and acts as a false host for broomrape, reducing parasite viability. Tables detail soil adaptation, seasonal growth dynamics (strong spring and fall growth, drought-sensitive in summer), and chemical control difficulty (easy in rapeseed, hard in wheat and maize). Suitable year-round across Europe with no specific equipment or timing needs.