How to Measure Grapevine Water Stress, from the Plant to the Vineyard

This paper presents a comprehensive review of methods to assess water stress in grapevines at both the plant and vineyard scales. It examines direct plant-based indicators such as leaf water potential, canopy temperature via thermal infrared imaging, sap flow measurements, trunk diameter variation, and in situ psychrometry. The review also discusses coupling these measurements with spatial extrapolation models using auxiliary data like δ13C and NDVI to account for vineyard heterogeneity. By integrating these techniques, the study highlights how precision irrigation management can be enhanced in arid and semi-arid regions to improve water use efficiency and maintain vine health.