Complexities of Food Synergies and Health Risk-Benefits

Phytomicronutrients, encompassing polyphenols, carotenoids, phytosterols, phyto-oestrogens and glucosinolates, are ubiquitous plant metabolites found in fruits, vegetables, grains, herbs, spices and beverages. Although not essential nutrients, they modulate cellular and molecular processes to deliver anti-atherogenic, anti-thrombotic, anti-carcinogenic, bone-protective and neuroprotective properties relevant to preventing chronic degenerative diseases linked to inflammaging. This review argues for comprehensive risk-benefit studies prior to dietary recommendations, integrating both food-level interactions and systemic physiological effects, and addresses the need for a holistic, systemic approach to secure safe and effective phytomicronutrient consumption.