Benefits and Drawbacks of Gastrointestinal Digestion Models: From In Vitro to In Vivo

The article presents a comprehensive overview of existing gastrointestinal digestion models used in research. First, it describes static in vitro systems that replicate stomach and small intestine conditions in biochemical reactors, detailing temperature, pH control, enzyme addition, and incubation parameters. Next, it covers dynamic in vitro models, including uni- and multi-compartmental systems that more closely mimic physiological processes. Finally, the authors discuss in vivo models in animals and humans, emphasizing the ethical, technical, and financial factors influencing their use. The review highlights the importance of selecting the appropriate model based on study objectives and constraints.