Beneficial nematodes for codling moth control in organic apples

Larval codling moth causes major damage in organic apple orchards, especially when infestation exceeds 1%. Biological control using Steinernema feltiae nematodes is effective when applied in autumn, targeting larvae seeking overwintering sites in bark crevices. Optimal conditions include temperatures above 10°C for 3–4 hours, high humidity, and UV protection. Apply 1.5 billion nematodes per hectare with at least 1,000 L water/ha, 0.8 mm nozzles, and up to 5 bar pressure. A wetting agent ensures even distribution on stems. This method is part of an integrated strategy including pheromone confusion, hygiene, and granuloviruses. Recommended for organic apple farms in codling moth-prone regions. Supported by the BIOFRUITNET project.