Integrated Crop-Livestock Systems in Mediterranean Agriculture

Integrated crop-livestock systems in the Mediterranean, such as the Mandra system on Lemnos, Greece, enhance resource efficiency and ecosystem services. This traditional model combines crop cultivation and livestock grazing, using waste recycling and diversified practices like crop rotation and intercropping to maintain soil fertility, reduce external inputs, and improve resilience to climate change. The mandra—a multifunctional farm structure—supports ecological sustainability and community well-being through integrated land use.