Agrivoltaics and Agroforestry for Resilient Mediterranean Landscapes

Integrating agrivoltaics and agroforestry in Mediterranean landscapes enhances agricultural productivity, generates renewable energy, and improves climate resilience. Shading from solar panels reduces water stress and evaporation, while trees and crops boost biodiversity and soil health. These systems can increase land-use efficiency, reduce CO2 emissions by 3–4.5 million tons annually if scaled across 1.5 million hectares, and support sustainable water management and ecosystem protection. Revenue from energy production helps offset costs, and policy support, innovation, and knowledge sharing are key to widespread adoption.