Virtual fencing for sustainable grazing management

Virtual fencing replaces traditional wire fences to improve grazing efficiency, reduce labour and maintenance costs, and prevent overgrazing. Using GPS collars and an app, digital boundaries alert animals with sound and mild stimulation when nearing limits. The system supports rotational grazing, protects sensitive areas, enables real-time tracking, and monitors animal health and behaviour. While most animals learn within 24–48 hours, some may require removal for welfare reasons. Challenges include collar twisting and variable learning times. Leasing is recommended to keep up with technology. The system scores moderately on economic and technical efficiency but lower on animal welfare and environmental impact. Funding provided by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 programme.