Enhancement of Carotenoid Content in Fleshy Fruits: the Case of Tomato and Citrus

This review examines carotenoid accumulation in fleshy fruits, focusing on tomato and citrus, analyzing developmental, genetic, and environmental factors that control pigment synthesis. It details biosynthetic pathways, including the 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway and key enzymes like phytoene synthase (PSY). Based on comparative data, the authors propose a conceptual model that accounts for environmental influences on carotenoid levels. Such a simulation model aims to improve management practices to enhance fruit quality and adapt crop production to environmental constraints, supporting sustainable agriculture and nutritional goals.