Factsheet: Small-scale biorefining sollutions

The document outlines biorefining as the eco-friendly conversion of biomass into marketable products that close material, water and carbon cycles within a circular bioeconomy. It references the IEA Bioenergy Task 42 classification and notes EU27 leaders-Finland, the Netherlands, Sweden and Italy - where biorefineries predominantly use secondary biomass. Feedstocks range from primary (e.g., aquatic biomass, dedicated specialty crops) to secondary (microbial biomass, agricultural and forestry residues, recycled bio-based products). Conversion routes include biochemical (notably fermentation and anaerobic digestion), chemical, thermochemical and mechanical processes, with bottom-up pathways that upgrade existing facilities.